What can be expected of Lionel, who has high stress responses and poor biomarkers as he ages?

The expectation that Lionel, who exhibits high stress responses and poor biomarkers, will develop a biological burden as he ages stems from a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between chronic stress and physiological health. High stress responses can lead to prolonged activation of the body’s stress response systems, which may include the release of stress hormones like cortisol. Over time, this can adversely affect various bodily systems, leading to conditions such as cardiovascular disease, weakened immune function, and metabolic problems.

Research consistently shows that chronic stress is linked to negative health outcomes, and as stress persists, it may compound the biological effects, driving the risk for multiple health complications. Therefore, when evaluating Lionel's situation, it becomes evident that his ongoing high stress responses will likely create a significant burden on his biology, potentially manifesting as various health issues later in life.

This understanding aligns with the principles of developmental psychology, where it is recognized that stress does not just affect mental well-being but also has profound physiological implications as individuals age.