What does crystallized intelligence refer to?

Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, skills, and experiences that individuals gather over their lifetime. This form of intelligence relies on accessing learned facts and utilizing skills developed through education and experience. Unlike fluid intelligence, which involves the ability to solve new problems and think abstractly in novel situations, crystallized intelligence is characterized by the use of knowledge that has been acquired and retained.

As individuals age, they usually continue to develop their crystallized intelligence, drawing from a rich reservoir of accumulated information to solve problems and navigate everyday life. This makes it particularly relevant in contexts that require practical knowledge and the application of past learning, such as in vocabulary, general knowledge, and cultural norms.